Thermal Power Stations and Incinerators

Thermal power stations and incinerators are electric power stations in which the chemical energy of solid, liquid or gaseous fuels, as with atomic energy, are transformed into electrical energy.

At the outset, raw materials used in thermal power stations are burned and the working substance (medium) or water, which is under pressure in the boiler, is converted into steam. This steam then drives turbines, whose mechanical energy, at a later stage, is used to drive generators, which in turn generate electrical energy. The electrical current generated in this manner eventually attains its desired force and voltage through the use of transformers. Any waste heat which may be created during this process is turned into liquid by cooling within condensers and sent back to the boiler. The condensing heat which is generated through this process can also be used.

These types of electric power plants also make it possible to generate long-distance heat. The principle behind this type of heat works by transporting steam through large pipes to a distant location, where it releases its heat energy to heat up buildings. The condensed water is then piped back to the electric power plant, where it serves once again as a working and transport medium.

The most varied of substances, in the form of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, are used as fuels in thermal power plants and incinerators. A fuel is a substance whose atomic bond energy can be burned to be transformed into electrical energy and includes such fuels as brown coal, black coal, wood and peat. Crude oil is considered a liquid fuel and natural gas is considered a gaseous fuel.

At present, Germany covers 95% of its electrical needs through the use of thermal power stations and incinerators. Considering the increasing contamination and pollution of the environment, this issue is becoming a serious problem. By burning fuels, harmful substances are released, made up mostly of compounds of coal, sulphur and nitrogen which contaminate the air, soil and water, in turn causing harm to people and animals.

Thanks to photosynthesis, plants are able to remove these contaminants. However, with the advancement of industrialisation and the increase of contaminants, plants are not capable of processing all the pollution, disturbing the balance of the natural cycle.

Thermal Power Stations and Incinerators
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Natural Pheromones

Researchers believe that human beings produce pheromones in the same way as animals when it comes to attracting a mate. We just are not aware of it. According to the research it is thought that the sweat glands produce an odorless chemical that is detected by the opposite sex and processed through an area of the brain that determines sexual suitability.

You can enhance your body's ability to produce these chemicals through the use of some natural products. Zinc supplements which can be used as an immunity boosting supplement can help produce testosterone. Be careful when dosing with zinc and follow the guidelines for a correct amount carefully. 100 mg of zinc is toxic so watch your intake carefully.

Some herbal supplements are Tribulus and Yohombe. Again read up on the effects of these supplements and be very cautious when using them. Certain supplements have been known to be dangerous in large doses. But if you want to go the natural path to pheromone production these can be a viable solution.

Good health and exercise. I know, it's been said time and again that the secret to everything is good health. But really it's true. If you are healthy and strong you will exude self-confidence that is very appealing to the opposite sex. Good health may help your body to naturally produce the pheromones you want to attract a partner.

Some people have also experimented with bathing techniques to help unmask their body's pheromones. You don't want to smell bad, however, so make sure that you are staying clean. Perhaps you can try some of the natural deodorant products that you will find in a natural food store.

All in all, an awareness that your body is producing pheromones and how best to take care of your health is probably all that is required to take care of your attraction chemicals. If you still feel that you need an extra boost in the pheromone department, check out some of the products you can buy and add to your cologne or spray on alone. They may be just what you're looking for to attract Ms. Right.

Peter took tried and tested pheromone products on himself to answer the nagging question, do pheromones work?

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Dark Night Sky: Olbers Paradox

It was long before science became compartmentalized. Professions could freely intermingle and overlap. Wilhelm Olbers was a German physician who enjoyed exploring the night sky with his telescope. His work on comets and asteroids earned him a fairly respectable niche in astronomy, still he continued to be a physician. But something about the night sky kept bothering him. Almost towards the end of this career he brought it in the open. In 1826 he wrote a paper and asked the question Why is the sky dark at night?

Until then and even through the nineteenth century it was generally believed that the universe was infinite with infinite number of stars. Newton argued in its favor and explained why it should be so. Newtons eminence and stature notwithstanding Olbers was not convinced. He reasoned that if there were infinite number of stars, the sky would be covered with stars. No matter how far they were the cumulative effect of the star light would ultimately make the sky as bright as the sun. Yet the night sky is dark.

Olbers was the first to address the scientific community with this problem and this is known as Olbers paradox. It turns out though that a Swiss astronomer Cheseaux had made the same observation half a century ago and had mentioned it in his book. Apparently Olbers never read that book and came upon the idea on his own. He tried a couple of explanations but found them unsatisfactory. Finally he assumed that the light from the stars was absorbed by the interstellar gas and rested his case. Later though it turned out that this explanation would not fit either. The interstellar gas will be eventually heated to bright glow and the sky will be again as bright as the sun. So the paradox remained unresolved.

A century after Olbers had put his question Edwin Hubble discovered the expansion of the universe from the observation of redshifts. The answer to the question was: the sky is not dazzling bright because the universe is spending its energy in expanding. The radiation from the galaxies and stars is mostly dumped into the redshift. Whatever remains is so thinned out over the vast distance as to be negligible. The night sky thus remains dark.

Redshift is the term used for the shift of the frequency of light towards the red end of the spectrum due to the source moving away from the observer. This occurs due to a phenomenon known as Doppler Effect. The frequency emitted by a source increases if it is approaching and decreases if it is receding. For example the whistle from an approaching train becomes higher pitched if it is approaching and lower pitched if it is moving away. In the case of visible light the two ends of the spectrum are blue and red. For stars or galaxies approaching the earth the spectral lines will have a blueshift, for those receding they will have redshift. All distant galaxies show redshifts directly depending on their distance, which shows that the universe is expanding.

Dharmbir Rai Sharma is a retired professor with electrical engineering and physics background. He obtained his M.S. degree in physics in India and Ph.D. in electrical engineering at Cornell University. He has taught in universities here and also in Brazil, where he spent sometime. He maintains a website http://www.cosmosebooks.com devoted mainly to philosophy and science.

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Alligator Trivia - Can You Tell the Tail?

Residents in Florida and other Southern states probably know a thing or two about alligators. As "deer crossing" signs and "I brake for field mice" bumper stickers fill the lives of Northern residents, folks who live along the Gulf of Mexico find themselves pausing for alligator crossings and braking at the slightest hint of a tail. Perhaps it's that old fashioned Southern hospitality, or a warm climate, but alligators certainly know where to make themselves at home.

Those of you who are residents of the South may have seen your fair share of alligators, but how much do you really know about the species? Take our quiz to find out.you'll be everglade, er, ever glad you did.

1. There are two kinds of alligator species. One is the American Alligator, what is the other?

a. The South American Alligator
b. The Chinese Alligator
c. The Australian Alligator
d. The Crocodile

2. What is the scientific name of the American Alligator?

a. Alligator Mississippiensis
b. Alligator Sinensis
c. Alligator Crocodilia
d. Alligator Alley

3. How much does the average American Alligator weigh?

a. 500 pounds
b. 1200 pounds
c. 800 pounds
d. 600 pounds normally, 650 pounds around the holidays

4. Approximately how many years does the typical American Alligator live?

a. 150 years in captivity, 100 in the wild
b. 15 years in captivity, 10 in the wild
c. 50 years in captivity, 35 in the wild
d. A crock-a-while

5. In short periods, when they get a burst of energy, how fast can an American Alligator move?

a. 75 miles per hour
b. 30 miles per hour
c. 10 miles per hour
d. Just a hare faster than a tortoise

6. Both female and male American Alligators are known to hiss, but the males also do what?

a. Roar
b. Squeak
c. Chirp
d. Speak English

7. During times of reproduction, how many eggs does the female American Alligator typically lay?

a. Between 20 and 70
b. Between 10 and 15
c. Between 90 and 120
d. The alligator doesnt lay eggs, only the Cadbury Bunny

8. How do the snouts of alligators and crocodiles differ?

a. Crocodiles have broader snouts
b. Alligators have broader snouts
c. Crocodiles have much shorter snouts
d. Alligators have prettier snouts; they have had some work done

9. Alligators do not have any of these.

a. Vocal chords
b. Sensory Pits
c. Claws
d. Teeth

10. What are the water-filled trenches American Alligators make called?

a. Gator holes
b. Gator pools
c. Gator gapes
d. Gatorade

Answers: 1.b. The Chinese Alligator; 2. a. Alligator Mississippiensis; 3. c. 800 pounds; 4. c. 50 years, 35 in the wild; 5. b. 30 miles per hour; 6. a. Roar; 7. a. Between 20 and 70; 8. b. Alligators have broader snouts; 9. a. Vocal Cords; 10. a. Gator holes.

See how you did:

9-10 Correct: You sure know your stuff; Fang-tastic.

6-8 Correct: Maybe not perfect, but still pretty good; two thumbs up, and a tail.

3-5 Correct: Only mediocre. If you ever find yourself in the Everglades, you had better watch your back.

Less than 3: Oooh, not very good. Are you a gator hater?

Jennifer Jordan is a senior editor for http://www.milleniumlimo.com. An avid sports fan, she likes the Miami Dolphins but her heart belongs to the Denver Broncos.

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